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Side-Wheeled Paddle Steamers
ARGENTINA
and URUGUAY
Penetrating
deep into the continent, the river traffic was ideally suited to paddle
steamers, particularly for the fast passenger runs Developing
Argentina and Uruguay's interior along major rivers such as the
Uruguay and Parana necessitated the purchase of paddle
steamers and
some fine vessels were built. The obvious place to source them was
Scotland and the Clyde yards in particular. The Denny company's
involvement with the Platense flotilla gave them a natural market, but
other Scottish builders sent tonnage to the area. The Glasgow-based
A&J Inglis became the preferred builder of Nicolas Mihanovich the
shipping magnate who overcame the competition to dominate the
market.
The long distances took a long time - around four days from Buenos
Aires to the Paraguayan capital of Asuncion, for example. In 1920 there
were two weekly departures in each direction, with four ships employed
on this run. Smaller steamers were employed upstream of Asuncion, as
far as Corumba A separate fleet of ships handled cargo although smaller
packets sailed with the passenger steamers.
Saturnino Ribes
Originally an immigrant
from France, Ribes had come to dominate trade from Salta with his company
Mensajerias Fluviales a Vapor, which took over from the failing Nueva
Compania Saltena de Vapor, of which he had been a director in 1866 and was the early leader in the competitive shipping market.
Platense Flotilla Company and later purchase of Ribes' interests in 1887
Originally
incorporated in Le Havre, France, as La Platense Compagnie des
Chargeurs in 1882, it was a French-Scottish arrangement with three
French-built vessels (Leda, Castor and Pollux) and four paddlers
left on the hands of the Denny of Dumbarton shipyard in 1883 (Tridente,
Diana, Apolo and Minerva) after their Argentine buyers cancelled
their orders. The unusual walking-beam engined Saturno and Olimpo (built by Inglis) were put on the Buenos Aires to Montevideo run. The company was reincorporated in Glasgow in 1886 with Peter Denny of
the William Denny & Bros shipyard as chairman. It eyed significant
expansion and ordered
Aurora, Perseo, Venus and Eolo from the Denny shipyard. Eying domination of the inland river trade,
they
purchased the Argentine Lloyd company (owners of paddler San
Martin) and the Giuliani company (owners
of paddlers Cosmos and Rivadavia) .
Hopes of an
accommodation
between the Platense and Ribes organisations were dashed and by all accounts the
pressure of business on an already sickly body led to the suicide of
Platense director William Denny, Peter's son who had led enormous
technhological developments at the Dumbarton shipyard and placed great
faith in succeeding with his venture in Argentina, in Buenos Aires in
March 1887.
Soon afterwards, Ribes agreed
to
sell his interests to Platense and the latter dominated the Montevideo
trade and competed on runs to Asuncion, Salta and Concordia
The return of Ribes and the demise of the Platense Flotilla Company
Ribes returned to the business based in Uruguay with the Mesnajerias Fluvial del Plata company. Ribes introduced new tonnage, including passenger paddlers Helios, Triton and Paris in quick succession. The ensuing competition
ruined the Platense company, which went into liquidation in 1891. Mihanovic
bought up the assets and began his competitive assault on the
Ribes company.
Domingo Barthe steps into the void
Barthe was a French emigre who arrived in Argentina in 1867
and lived for a while in Paraguay and went into the tobacco farming business.
In 1887 an existing shipping company (Alto Parana SA) was taken over and by
1893, new vessels were being ordered as the fleet grew, based at Posadas but
sailing between Buenos Aires and Asuncion and Iguazu. Originally primarily
concerned with cargo transport, two passenger-only paddle steamers, PS Formosa
and PS Humaita were built in 1911 by the Dundee Shipbuilding Company
in Scotland to develop the Asuncion service and provided a weekly service in
each direction.
Nicolas
Mihanovich : expands by buying up the liquidated assets of
Platense and over time the businesses of Ribes and BartheThere was one towering figure in the history of
steamship development in Argentina - an immigrant from Croatia, then in the
Austro-Hungarian Empire named Nicolas Mihanovich. He arrived in
Argentina in his early twenties in 1867
and went into business with two partners,
developing shipping routes around the developing state in South
America.
1888 : Mihanovich bought out his partners and became sole owner of
Nicolas Mihanovich y Compania as it embarked on a period of total
domination of the sector in that part of the world. Economic chaos two
years later allowed him to buy up some of his competitors at knockdown prices and the company's strength
enabled it to continue to absorb the opposition.
1891 : Mihanovic bought up many of the assets of the liquidated Platense Flotilla Company
1898 : SA
Nicolas Mihanovich, incorporated after the takeover of the Las
Mensajerias company after the death of its owner Saturnino Ribes, the
largest shipping company in South America.
1909 : The
company was registered in London as the Argentina Navigation
Company - Nicolas Mihanovich Ltd and floated on the stock exchange and
investors piled in. The success of the company was at risk as the
developing railways competed successfully with his internal transport
operations and his company had to diversify, but did so successfully,
including property development.
1918 : Mihanovic sold his family's 70% controlling
stake in 1918 to British politician and shipping magnate Lord Kylsant
(later to own White Star Lines) and Argetinian Alberto Dodero, who
looked after the South American operations.
1918 : The shipping interests of Domingo Barthe were taken over
1930 : As
a result of problems with Lord Kylsant's businesses, Dodero was able to
take sole ownership of the South American business and established a new company albeit initially incorporating the Mihanovich
name (Argentina Navigation Company Mihanovic Ltd) but incorporated in
Buenos Aires, albeit with nuch British capital involved .
1932 : Nicolas Mihanovic diedDodero went
on to establish a conglomerate of shipping companies himself. This empire was
nationalised in 1948 by the Argentine government.
MENAY, A Denny, 1851
Built in 1851 by A Denny of Dumbarton
Length 165 ft : 258 GRT Engine : Steeple
Built for Price & Case of Liverpool as Menai
From 1854 with the South American General Steam Navigation Co
1856 : GC Dickson of Montevideo
1859 : Government of the Argentine Confederation as Coronel Dorrego
1859 : Compania Oriental de Navigacion (Saltena) as Menay
1862 : Argentine Governement
1864 : Argentine Navy as Chacabuco
RIO VERMEJO, Blackwood & Gordon, 1856
Built in 1856 by Blackwood & Gordon of Paisley
Length 102 ft : 170 GRT
Built for William Rodger & James Best of Liverpool, UK to explore the River Bermejo
1857 Vested in John Best & Bros of Buenos Aires
SALTO, J & G Thomson, 1858
Built in 1858 by J & G Thomson of Govan
Length 159.3 ft
Built for the Compania Oriental de Navigacion a Vapor Denominado "Saltena"
VILLA DEL SALTO, J & G Thomson, 1861
Built in 1861 by J & G Thomson of Govan
314 GRT
Built for the Nueva Compania Saltena de Navegacion a Vapor of Salto
1861 Compania Oriental de Navigacion a Vapor Denominado "Saltena"
1864 Scuttled at Paysandu, Uruguay during the civil war
In
1863, the first Argentinian-built iron paddle steamer ERA was put into
service for the Gualeguaychu Steam Navigation Company. The
builder was John Marshall, and English emigre at Barracas, Buenos
Aires
.
RIO DE LA PLATA, J & G Thomson, 1864
Built in 1861 by J & G Thomson of Govan
Length 212.8 ft : 483 GRT
Built for the River Plate Steam Navigation Co
RIO PARANA, Caird & Co, 1865
Built in 1865 by Caird & Co of Greenock
Length 226.3 ft : 428 GRT
Built for David Bruce (UK based agent), operating from Montivedeo to Buenos Aires and Paysandu
Later called Ixion and possibly under Brazilian ownership
VILLA DEL SALTO, J & G Thomson, 1866
Built in 1866 by J & G Thomson of Govan
474 GRT
Built for the Nueva Compania Saltena de Navegacion a Vapor of Salto
1879 Mensajerias Fluviales a Vapor (Ribes)
RIO URUGUAY, Caird & Co, 1867
Built in 1867 by Caird & Co of Greenock
Length 238.4 ft : 458 GRT
Built for David Bruce, operating from Montivedeo to Buenos Aires and Paysandu
PINGO, Inglis, 1867
.Built in 1867 by A&J Inglis of Glasgow, yard no 32
YERBA, Inglis, 1867
Built in 1867 by A&J Inglis of Glasgow, yard no 44 for H Hardy of Salto
Length 82 ft : 62 GRT
1888 : Sailed for John Galloway and John McAusland Denny
1893 : Platense Flotilla and resold on the demise of the flotilla
IRIS, Inglis, 1867
Built in 1867 by A&J Inglis of Glasgow, yard no 45 for H Hardy of Salto
Length 126.2 ft : 145 GRTPossibly sold in 1879
SATURNO, Inglis, 1868
Built in 1868 by A&J Inglis of Glasgow, yard no 61 for H Hardy of Salta in association with S. Ribes.
Length : 240.5 x 27.0 ft L 607 GRT.
Engine : Two cylinder 38 and 65 in x 72 in (200 HP)
1881 : Wrecked near Buenos Aires
JUPITER : J & G Thomson, 1866
Built in 1866 by G & J Thomson of Govan
Length 232 ft : 964 GRT
Engine : 2 cylinder 54 x 60 in
Built for J Canals of Buenos Aires
1904 : Sold to F Quintana
COSMOS : Inglis, 1879
Built in 1879 by A&J Inglis of Pointhouse, Glasgow, yard no 153
249.6 ft x 29.1 ft
Engines : Compound diagonal 44 and 77 in x 72 in
Originally
operated by Thomas Elsee of Glasgow on the River Plate.
1887 Ribes
1889 P Henderson of Glasgow (associated
with Platense).
1896 Giuliani
1899 Mihanovic
1903 Renamed Buenos Aires
1925 Hulked
TRIDENTE, Denny, 1880
Built in 1880 by Wm Denny & Bros at Dumbarton, yard no 234
Length
184.8 ft : 719 GRT
Engine : 31.5 and 55 in x 38 inBuilt for Buenos Aires & Campana Railway (managers Argentine Lloyd) but left in the hands of builders
1883 : Sold to the Platense Flotilla in 1883
1896 D Giuliani out of Concordia
1899 Mihanovich
1907 Converted to a lighter
DIANA : Denny, 1880
Built in 1880
by Wm Denny & Bros at Dumbarton, yard no 240
Length 160.3 ft : 519 GRT
Engine : Compound diagonal 31.5 and 55 in x 40 in
Built for Buenos Aires & Campana Railway (managers Argentine Lloyd) but left in the hands of builders
1883 Sold to the Platense Flotilla in 1883
1894 Registered at Montevideo
1897 Ros y Tabal, Buenos Aires
1907 Hulked
MINERVA : Denny, 1883
Built
in 1883 by Wm Denny & Bros at Dumbarton, yard no 268
Length : 259.2 ft : 1255 GRT
Engine : Oscillating 44 and 77 in x 72 in
Built for Buenos Aires & Campana Railway (managers Argentine Lloyd) but left in the hands of builders
1886 Sold to the Platense Flotilla
1896 Scrapped
APOLO : Denny, 1883
Built in 1883 by Wm Denny & Bros, yard 267
Length 259.2 ft : 1255 GRT.
Engine : Oscillating 44 and 77 in x 72 in
Built for Buenos Aires & Campana Railway (managers Argentine Lloyd) but left in the hands of builders
1886 Sold to the Platense Flotille
1896 Converted to be a lighter
RIVADAVIA, Connell, 1883 (Engine by Rowan)
Built in 1883 by
Charles Connell & Co of Scotstoun, Glasgow, yard no 134 on behalf of D Rowan & Co
Length 283.2 ft : 1106 GRT
Engine : by D Rowan & Co
Built for Diego Giuliano
1899 Mihanovich
1918 Converted to be a motor ship and renamed Arapey, surviving until 1964
POSADAS : Napier, Shanks & Bell, 1884 (Engine by Rowan)
Built in 1884 by Napier, Shanks & Bell of Yoker
Length 140 ft : 231 GRT
Engine : by D Rowan & Co
Built for Argentine Lloyd
SAN MARTIN : Napier, Shanks & Bell, 1884 (Engine by Rowan)
Built in 1884 by Napier, Shanks & Bell
of Yoker yard no 29
Length : 240 feet : 1212 GRT.
Engine : Compound diagonal 36 and 70 in x 66 in by D Rowan & CoBuilt for Argentine Lloyd
1889 Platense Flotilla Co
1896 Mihanovich
1921 Converted to a twin-screw cargo vessel
SATURNO, Inglis, 1884
Built in 1884 by A&J Inglis
of Pointhouse, Glasgow (yard no. 184)
Length 286 ft : 1649 GRT
Engine : The ship
had what was unusual for European construction, a walking beam engine
Built for the S Ribes (Thomas Elsee of Glasgow as nominee owner)
1889 P Henderson & Co of Glasgow
1893 Platense Flotilla Co
1898 Mihanovich
1913 Converted to a lighter
OLYMPO : Inglis, 1884
Built in 1884
by A&J Inglis of pointhouse, Glasgow (yard no 185)
Length 286.1 : 1649 GRT
Engine : The ship
had what was unusual for European construction, a walking beam engine
Built for the S Ribes (Thomas Elsee of Glasgow as nominee owner)
1889 Platense Flotilla
1896 Mesnajerias Fluvial del Plata (Ribes)
1907 Mihanovic
1919 Converted for cargo carrying only and renamed Olimpo
1964 Scrapped
MISIONES : Blackwood & Gordon, 1884
Built 1884 by Blackwood & Gordon of Port Glasgow, yard no 199
184 GRT
Built for Argentine Lloyd
VENUS : Denny, 1886
Built in 1886 by Wm Denny & Bros (yard
no 312)
Length. 299 ft : 1749 GRT
Engine : Compound diagonal 44 and 87 in x 72 in
Built for the Platense Flotilla Co
1896 Mihanovich
1923 Compania Uruguaya de Navegacion, Uruguay
1933 Sold for use as a floating hotel
EOLO : Denny, 1886
Built in 1886 by Wm Denny & Bros (yard
no 313)
Length. 299 ft : 1749 GRT
Engine : Compound diagonal 44 and 87 in x 72 in
Built for the Platense Flotilla Co
1893 Mihanovich
1923 Compania Uruguaya de Navegacion, Uruguay
1928 Sunk in a collision in the River
Parana near Vizcaina Island
AURORA : Denny, 1886
Built in 1886 by Wm Denny &
Bros, yard no 317
Length 175 ft : 490 GRT
Engine : Compound diagonal 21 and 37 in x 24 in
Built for the Platense Flotilla Co.
1896 Mihanovich
1920 Registered at Asuncion (Paraguay) as Cabayo
1925 Registered at Bueonos Aires
1930 Paraguay government
1935 Used as a hospital ship
Stayed with the Mihanovich company until transferring to the Government
of Paraguay as a hospital ship in 1935
PERSEO : Denny, 1886
Built in 1886 by Wm Denny & Bros, yard no 332.
Length 62.9 ft : 578 GRT
Compound diagonal engines 21 and 37 in x 42 in.
Built for the Platense Flotilla Co
1893 Ribes
1902 Mihanovic in 1902, renamed Fortuna
1907 Sold on to Vierci Hermanos
of Asuncion
1913 Sold to G B Vierci of Asuncion. Renamed G B Vierci
1919 Mihanovic. Renamed Rosario
1925 E Care of Asuncion
1927 Scrapped
SALTO : Ailsa, 1889 (Engine by Rowan)
Built in 1889
by Ailsa Shipbuilding Co, Troon, yard no 18
Length 150 ft : 259 GRT
Engines 20 and 39 in x 48 in by D Rowan
She was built foir the Campania
Saltena de Navigacion a Vapor, based in Salto, Uruguay.
1895 Ribes' Compania Mensajerias
1900 Mihanovic
1915 Paraguay
HELIOS : Scotswood Shipbuilding, 1892 (Engine by Inglis)
Built in 1892 by Scotswood Shipbuilding Co, Scotswood, Newcastle, England,
yard no 3
Length 260 ft : 1520 GRT
Engines : Triple expansion 30, 49 and 75 in x 84 in by A&J Inglis of Glasgow
Built for Ribes' Mesajarias Fluvial.
1901 Mihanovic
1923 Lost on 12 August when wrecked on rocks near Colonia
TRITON : Scotswood Shipbuilding, 1894 (Engine by Inglis)
Built in 1894 by
Scotswood Shipbuilding Co at Scotswood, Newcastle, England (yard no 4)
Launched 21/3/1894. Completed elsewhere after a fire at the Scotswood
yard
Length 292 ft : 1915 GRT
Engines : 30, 49 and 75 in x 84 in by A & J Inglis of Glasgow
Built for Mesajerias Fluviales del Plata, Montevideo
1901 Mihanovich
1943 Converted into a barge
PARIS : Inglis, 1896
Built in 1896 by A & J Inglis, Glasgow, yard
no 243
Length 298 ft : 1911 GRT
Engine : Triple expansion 30, 49 and 75 in x 34 in
Built for Mensajarias Fluviales del Plata
1901 Mihanovich company and
survived into the Dodero era before entering a remarkable new chapter of her life.
1942 Dodero
1949 Co. de Navigacion Fluvial de Argentina and renamed Justicia Social
1955 Joined the Argentina navy and back under the name Paris was used as a prison
ship.
1958 Laid up at Santiago
1969 Scrapped
VIENA : Inglis, 1906
Built in 1906 by A&J Inglis of Glasgow. yard
no 281
Length 320 feet : 2376 GRT
Engine : Triple expansion 31, 52 and 78in x 34 in
Built for Mihanovic
1919 renamed Washington.
1949 Co. de Navigacion Fluvial de Argentina
1960 withdrawn
1967 scrappedMore photos of Viena / Washington
Asuncion : Denny, 1906
Built in 1906 by Wm Denny & Bros at Dumbarton
Length 200 ft : 735 GRT
Engines : Triple expansion 16.25, 26.5 and 43 in x 54 in
Built for Mihanovich
1930 renamed Corumba
1940 withdrawn
I am indebted to Stuart Cameron for the following text
The
vessel in this illustration is the side-wheel paddle steamer Asuncion,
Denny's Yard No 768, launched at the Leven Shipyard on 25th January
1906. Her triple expansion, diagonal reciprocating engine was Denny
& Co's Machinery No 608. Its cylinder diameters were 16.25 inches,
26.5 inches and 43 inches and the piston stroke was 54 inches. Stated
power was 93.8 nhp. Steam was supplied by one single-ended Scotch
boiler operating at 180 psi. The contract required the vessel to be
capable of carrying 180 tons deadweight on a 5.5 feet draught and have
a service speed of 11.5 knots. Denny's quoted price for the vessel was
£23, 250, this sum to be payed in five instalments. The machinery cost
£6,235 and it is recorded that the shipbuilders made a profit of £2,911
which seems to be quite a good gross margin on a job of this type.
The
contract had been confirmed on 7th July 1905, the launch taking place
just six and a half months later. Unfortunately, no date is stated for
her trials on the Measured Mile but they must have taken place in late
February because the new paddler departed from Dumbarton on 7th March
1906, just 8 months to the day after she had been ordered, for the long
delivery voyage to Buenos Aires, where, remarkably, she arrived less
than three weeks later on 24th March 1906. Therefore, the time from
order placement in Scotland to delivery in South America was less than
40 weeks. Incidentally, she had achieved 12.15 knots on trials.
In
this view (above) she is seen departing from a still wintry Clydeside, with
snow-capped hills in the background. (Photo courtesy of the Denny company history 1909)
Rio de la Plata (Fairfield 1890) : In service in Argentina from 1906
Built in 1890 by the Fairfield Shipbuilding & Engineering Co. of Govan
Length 280 ft : 976 GRT
Engines : Compound diagonal 51.5 and 93 in x 72 in
Built for G&J Burns' Scotland to Ireland (Ardrossan-Belfast) service as Adder
Substantially altered and with deckhouses fore and aft and an
observation deck above
Sold in 1906 to Mr S Lambruschini of Buenos
Aires and renamed Rio de la Plata .
Lost in 1918 sailing from Buenos Aires
to Santos
Lambare : Inglis, 1908
Built in 1908 by A&J Inglis of Glasgow,
yard no 286
Length : 240.2 x 34 ft : 1200 GRT
Engine : Triple expansion 21, 35 and 54 in x 66 in
Built for Mihanovich's Buenos Aires to Asuncion route
1942 : Compania Argentina de Navegacion de Dodero
1948 : Scrapped
Postcard from collection of E J Rocca
Guarany : Inglis, 1908
Built in 1908 by A&J Inglis of Glasgow,
yard no 287
Length : 240.2 x 34 ft : 1200 GRT
Engine : Triple expansion 21, 35 and 54 in x 66 in
Built for Mihanovich's Buenos Aires to Asuncion route
1942 : Compania Argentina de Navegacion de Dodero
1949 : Compania Argentina Fluvial
1962 : Flotta Argentina de Navigacion Fluvial
1966 : Scrapped
Rio Uruguay : Laird 1898 : In service in Argentina from 1910
Built in 1898 by Laird Bros of Birkenhead
Length : 270 ft : GRT 1009
Engine : Three cylinder compound 47, 66 and 66 in x 72 in
Built for the South Eastern Railway Co fror service between Dover (UK) and Folkestone (France) as Princess of Wales
1910 S Lambruschini of Buenos Aires, renamed Rio Uruguay. Superstructure added
1921 C Pujol
1930 Scrapped
Bruselas : Inglis, 1911
Built in 1911 by A&J Inglis of Pointhouse, Glasgow, yard
no 297
Length 265.2 ft : 2311 GRT
Engine : Triple expansion 21.5, 35 and 64 in x 66 in
Built for Mihanovich
1943 Dodero
1963 Withdrawn
1973 Scrapped
Berna : Inglis, 1911
Built in 1911 by A&J Inglis of Pointhouse, Glasgow, yard number
296
Length : 273.9 ft : 2310 GRT
Engine : Triple expansion 21.5, 35 and 64 in x 66 in
Built for Mihanovich
1942 Dodero
1963 Converted to a temporary dormitory ship
1989 Scrapped
PORVENIR, Dundee Shipbuilding Co, 1911 (engine by Bow, McLachlan)
Built in 1911 By Dundee Shipbuilding Co at Dundee
Length 215 ft : 1057 GRT.
Engine : Triple expansion 18.5, 30 and 50 in x 60 in by Bow, McLachlan of Paisley
Built for Domingo Barthe
1913 Renamed Formosa
1932 Wrecked in a storm near Salto (Uruguay)
HUMAITA, Dundee Shipbuilding Co, 1911 (engine by Bow, McLachlan)
Built 1911 by Dundee Shipbuilding Co at Dundee
Length 165 ft : 475 GRT.
Engine : Triple
expansion 15, 24 and 39 in x 48 in by Bow, McLachlan of Paisley
Built for Domingo Barthe
1919 Mihanovich
1921 sank at Asuncion, Paraguay in 1921. It
is suggested that this was a result of sabotage by her own crew
Cabo Corrientes : Inglis, 1913
PS Cabo Corrientes Built in 1913 by A&J Inglis, yard no 305
Length 320 x breadth 40 feet, 2627 GRT
Engine : Triple expansion 31, 52 and 78 in x 84 in
Built for the
Hamburg-Sudamerika Dampfschiffs Gesellschaft
Joined the Mihanovich group
in 1922, by which time it had been renamed "General Alvear".
This, the most modern of the Clyde-built paddlers to sail for Mihanovic
was also the most unfortunate - sinking en route from Buenos Aires to
Montevideo in 1953.
Cabo Santa Maria : Inglis, 1913
PS Cabo Santa Maria Built in 1913 by A&J Inglis, yard no 304
Length 320 x breadth 40 feet, 2648 GRT
Engine : Triple expansion 31, 52 and 78 in x 84 in
Sister ship of Cabo
Corrientes
Built for Hamburg-Sudamerika Dampfschiffs Gesellschaft
Became "General Artigas" when
in the Mihanovich fleet. She continued in service until 1966.
Rio Pardo : Caird, 1883
Built in 1883 by Caird & Co at Greenock
270.9 ft : 1509 GRT
Engine : Compound oscillating 45 and 80 in x 60 in
Built for the Cia Nacional de Navegacao a Vapur, Rio de Janeiro (Brazil). Transferred in 1891 to Lloyd Brasileiro
Moved to the Mihanovic Company Cia Argentina de Navegaceon, Buenos Aires, Argentina in 1913
Scrapped in 1914
Acknowledgements
It is believed that all the photos
used are, due to their age, out of copyright and in the public domain. If anyone
is the copyright holder and they are not in the public domain (yet) please let
me know and they will be removed.
Thanks for research sources go to
the Scottish Built Ships database) http://www.clydeships.co.uk
and the various contributing researchers, particularly Stuart Cameron and to
the Argentine website Histamar - http://www.histarmar.com.ar/BuquesMercantesArgAnt/NavCuencaPlata-Indice.htm
Histarmar page regarding Mihanovich : http://www.histarmar.com.ar/BuquesMercantes/HistMarinaMercArg/04Mihanovich.htm
Other
sources : Wikipedia
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